Research Design (newms-research-design)

NM&S welcomes many methods and is exacting about each. The design must credibly link the argument (newms-theory-building) to evidence and rule out the leading alternative reading. Pick the section matching your method; mixed-methods papers must satisfy both relevant sections and state how the strands talk to each other.

When to trigger

• Specifying sampling, case/site selection, coding, or data construction
• A reviewer questioned generalization, selection, coding reliability, or scraping validity
• Justifying why your design adjudicates the rival reading from newms-literature-positioning

Qualitative — interviews / digital ethnography

• Informant and site selection justified theoretically, not by access alone; state recruitment, positionality, and access conditions (e.g., joining a platform, gaining moderator trust).
• Depth, saturation, and negative cases: how you know you have enough, and how disconfirming cases were sought and handled.
• Online specificity: handle the blur of public/private space, pseudonymity, and the ethics of observing online communities (see newms-transparency-and-data).

Content / discourse analysis

• Sampling frame for texts/posts/images: time window, platform, query logic, and what is excluded.
• Coding scheme grounded in the argument; report intercoder reliability (e.g., Krippendorff's alpha / Cohen's kappa) for quantitative content analysis, or a clear analytic trail for interpretive discourse work.
• State what counts as evidence for vs. against the reading — discourse analysis is not "quotes I liked."

Computational

• Data construction: API vs. scraping, query terms, time window, deduplication, and the gap between the trace data and the social phenomenon (digital traces are not the behavior itself).
• Validation: validate automated measures (classifiers, topic models, network metrics) against human-labeled samples; report agreement and stability; do not treat model output as ground truth.
• Platform-bias awareness: APIs sample non-randomly; state what the data can and cannot represent.

Mixed methods

• Say why both strands are needed and how they integrate (triangulation, sequential explanation, complementarity) — not two studies stapled together.

The adjudication test (NM&S-specific)

For the single strongest rival reading: "If the rival were true rather than my argument, the evidence would look like ___; instead it looks like ___." If you cannot write it, the design does not yet identify the contribution.

What NM&S referees demand of each design

Worked micro-example (illustrative)

Method: digital ethnography of a courier community + interviews (qualitative, mixed within strand).
Site logic: a worker forum chosen because ranking disputes surface there; not just easy to access.
Negative cases sought: workers who ignore the score → would weaken "datafied control."
Adjudication sentence: "If workers merely gamed the system (resistance), we'd see post-sanction
  workarounds; instead we see anticipatory compliance before any sanction — as datafied control predicts."

Referee pushback → NM&S-specific fix

• "Your informants look hand-picked." → Show the theoretical sampling rule and what each case represents.
• "Scraped data, no validation." → Add human-labeled validation of the automated measure and a platform-bias statement; state what the API does and does not capture.
• "Quotes cherry-picked." → Give a coding scheme, an excerpt-to-claim table, and the disconfirming cases.

Calibration anchors

• Method-appropriate rigor, one bar. NM&S won't hold ethnography to a reliability-coefficient standard or computational work to "it felt saturated" — but every design must defeat its rival.
• The adjudication sentence is the test. If you can't write "if the rival were true the evidence would look like ___," the design does not yet earn the contribution.
• Trace data ≠ behavior. Naming the gap between API traces and social practice reads as strength.

Anti-patterns

• Convenience informants/sites dressed up as theory-driven sampling
• Content analysis with no reliability check or analytic trail
• Computational measures reported as ground truth with no human-label validation
• Ignoring the public/private and consent ambiguity of online observation
• A design that cannot distinguish your reading from the leading rival

Output format

【Method】interviews-ethnography / content-discourse / computational / mixed
【Sampling / case / data logic】and how justified
【Validity move】reliability / saturation+negative cases / human-label validation
【Rival ruled out】the adjudication sentence
【Next】newms-data-analysis

Supplementary resources

• ../../resources/external_tools.md — CAQDAS, content-analysis, and computational tooling
• ../../resources/official-source-map.md — NM&S methodological breadth