Research Design (curranthro-research-design)

CA accepts many methodologies but is demanding about each, and the design of a Major Article will be scrutinized in print by invited commentators under the CA✩ Treatment. The design must credibly connect the argument (curranthro-theory-building) to evidence — and at CA, ethnographic and qualitative inference is first-class, not a soft substitute for statistics. This skill is mode-aware: pick the section that matches your work and defend it against the strongest alternative reading, reflexively and ethically, as if a commentator were already writing the objection.

When to trigger

• Specifying fieldwork, sampling of sites/interlocutors, archive or material selection, or lab design
• A reviewer (or anticipated commentator) questioned your evidence, generalization, confound, or interpretive leap
• Planning consent, anonymization, and community accountability into the design
• Justifying why your evidence adjudicates the rival reading from curranthro-literature-positioning

Ethnographic / qualitative (first-class at CA)

• Fieldwork design. State the site(s), duration, language(s) of work, and your access — and how each shaped what was observable. Participant observation is a method with a logic, not just "being there."
• Sampling of cases/interlocutors justified by design logic (typical, deviant, contrastive, theoretically driven), not convenience. Say what the case is a case of.
• Triangulation & disconfirmation. Corroborate across observation, interviews, documents, and material; state what evidence would have disconfirmed the reading.
• Reflexivity. Your positionality is part of the design's validity (see curranthro-theory-building).

Archival / material analysis

• Justify the archive or assemblage selected, its silences and biases, and how you read against the grain. For archaeology: provenience, sampling, dating logic, comparative frames, and taphonomic caveats.

Biological / physical anthropology (quantitative/lab)

• State the estimand or comparison, sampling frame, measurement protocol, and replication.
• Report power/sample adequacy; pre-register where appropriate; address batch/lab effects, ancestry vs. social-race conflation, and ethical sourcing of skeletal/genetic/biological samples (see curranthro-transparency-and-data for repatriation and consent).

The adjudication test (CA-specific)

For the single strongest rival reading, write one sentence: "If the rival account were right rather than mine, the evidence would look like ___; instead it looks like ___." For a Major Article, assume a commentator will name this rival in print — your Reply will be far stronger if the design already rules it out. If you cannot write the sentence, the design does not yet identify the contribution, regardless of how rich the material is.

Anti-patterns

• "Being there" treated as self-justifying — participant observation without a stated evidentiary logic
• Convenience site/interlocutor selection dressed up as theory-driven
• Causal or generalizing language an ethnographic design cannot support (and vice versa: dismissing qualitative evidence as merely anecdotal)
• Biological "race" treated as a natural kind; ancestry conflated with social race
• Consent, anonymization, or heritage obligations left out of the design (see curranthro-transparency-and-data)
• A design that cannot distinguish your reading from the leading alternative a commentator will raise

What CA reviewers and commentators probe, by mode

Because a Major Article's design is dissected in the published Comments, write the design section so a commentator's objection has already been anticipated and answered in the text — that is what makes a strong CA✩ Reply possible later (see curranthro-rebuttal).

Output format

【Mode】ethnographic / archival-material / biological-quant / multimodal-participatory
【Evidence base】sites/interlocutors/assemblage/sample + how selected
【Key assumption(s)】and how each is defended (incl. reflexivity)
【Rival ruled out】the adjudication sentence (the one a commentator will press)
【Disconfirmation】what would have shown you wrong
【Ethics designed in】consent / anonymization / accountability flagged? [Y/N]
【Next】curranthro-data-analysis

Supplementary resources

• ../../resources/external_tools.md — CAQDAS, archival tools, and lab/quant packages by subfield
• ../../resources/official-source-map.md — CA scope and ethics/transparency notes