Performing Privilege Escalation on Linux

Overview

Linux privilege escalation involves elevating from a low-privilege user account to root access on a compromised system. Red teams exploit misconfigurations, vulnerable services, kernel exploits, and weak permissions to achieve root. This skill covers both manual enumeration techniques and automated tools for identifying and exploiting privilege escalation vectors.

MITRE ATT&CK Mapping

• T1548.001 - Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism: Setuid and Setgid
• T1548.003 - Abuse Elevation Control Mechanism: Sudo and Sudo Caching
• T1068 - Exploitation for Privilege Escalation
• T1574.006 - Hijack Execution Flow: Dynamic Linker Hijacking
• T1053.003 - Scheduled Task/Job: Cron
• T1543.002 - Create or Modify System Process: Systemd Service

Key Escalation Vectors

SUID/SGID Binaries

• Find SUID binaries: find / -perm -4000 -type f 2>/dev/null
• Check GTFOBins for exploitation methods
• Custom SUID binaries may have vulnerabilities

Sudo Misconfigurations

• sudo -l to list allowed commands
• Wildcards in sudo rules allow injection
• NOPASSWD entries for dangerous commands
• sudo versions vulnerable to CVE-2021-3156 (Baron Samedit)

Kernel Exploits

• Dirty Cow (CVE-2016-5195) for older kernels
• Dirty Pipe (CVE-2022-0847) for kernel 5.8+
• PwnKit (CVE-2021-4034) for pkexec
• GameOver(lay) (CVE-2023-2640, CVE-2023-32629) for Ubuntu

Cron Job Abuse

• World-writable cron scripts
• PATH hijacking in cron jobs
• Wildcard injection in cron commands

Capabilities

• getcap -r / 2>/dev/null to find binaries with capabilities
• cap_setuid allows UID manipulation
• cap_dac_override bypasses file permissions

Writable Service Files

• Systemd unit files with weak permissions
• Init scripts writable by non-root users
• Socket files in accessible locations

Tools and Resources

Validation Criteria

• Enumeration performed using automated tools
• Privilege escalation vector identified
• Root access achieved through identified vector
• Evidence documented (screenshots, command output)
• Alternative escalation paths identified