Skill UI

Provides a structured workflow for systematically accessing and analyzing official intellectual property data from the USPTO. This skill covers patent search (PatentSearch API), trademark status checks (TSDR), ownership transfer tracking, and building reproducible IP landscape logs. It is designed for data collection and record verification, emphasizing the use of official APIs and rigorous logging practices. (Warning: Not for legal advice.)

Provides a structured workflow for systematically accessing and analyzing official intellectual property data from the USPTO. This skill covers patent search (PatentSearch API), trademark status checks (TSDR), ownership transfer tracking, and building reproducible IP landscape logs. It is designed for data collection and record verification, emphasizing the use of official APIs and rigorous logging practices. (Warning: Not for legal advice.)

This guide outlines rigorous standards for conducting heterogeneity analysis in economic research. It stresses that heterogeneity should not merely involve slicing data by region or size, but must be theoretically driven, linking multiple dimensions (e.g., ownership, financing constraints, industry type) to core economic mechanisms. The analysis must demonstrate significant group differences and clearly connect findings to differential policy implications, elevating the discussion from mere observation to actionable policy science.

This guide provides advanced methodological principles for conducting theoretically grounded heterogeneity analysis in financial research. It emphasizes that any dimension used for splitting the data (e.g., ownership, bank type, financial constraint) must be predicted by the underlying economic mechanism, rather than being an arbitrary data exploration. It details best practices, statistical rigor (group coefficient difference testing), and common pitfalls to avoid.

This guide helps researchers structure the institutional background section of advanced finance manuscripts. It emphasizes moving beyond general descriptions to precisely articulate regulatory rules, market segmentation, and ownership structures. The goal is to transform descriptive text into clear evidence for identifying exogeneity and analyzing policy shocks in empirical studies.