Theory & Argument Building (spq-theory-building)

At SPQ a result is not a contribution until it is attached to a social-psychological mechanism that connects social structure or process to the individual — the self, identity, emotion, cognition, or interaction. This skill turns findings into theory in the idiom of your tradition: explicit mechanisms, scope conditions, and observable implications.

When to trigger

• The empirics are strong but the "so what / why" is thin or purely descriptive
• A reviewer said the paper is "atheoretical," "ad hoc," or "not really social-psychological"
• You need to state the mechanism linking structure and the individual explicitly
• You are formalizing within a program (expectation states, affect control, identity verification)

Build the argument (by tradition)

Social structure and personality / group processes (mechanism-driven)

1. Concept — define the social-psychological constructs precisely (status, identity salience, mastery, sentiment, legitimacy); distinguish from neighbors.
2. Mechanism — the social process: how structural position or interaction produces the individual outcome (e.g., status → expectations → influence; structural strain → mastery → distress).
3. Observable implications — what we should see if the mechanism operates (and what we should not see). These become the tests in spq-research-design.
4. Scope conditions — the settings, populations, and structural contexts where the argument holds.

Symbolic-interaction / interpretive

• Make the conceptual stakes explicit: what about the self, meaning, or the interaction order does this illuminate?
• Build the argument through observed interaction and accounts, not hypothesis tests, but still state the analytic claim and what evidence would challenge it.
• Show what the argument lets the field see about identity work, framing, or emotion management.

Formal programs (expectation states, affect control, identity control)

• State the substantive puzzle before the formal setup; keep assumptions transparent and motivated.
• Derive predictions (comparative statics, equilibrium sentiments/expectations) a reader can test.
• Say what the model buys: a non-obvious prediction or a resolution of a puzzle in the program.

The "structure–individual" test (SPQ-specific)

Ask: Does the argument explain how something social (structure, position, interaction) connects to something individual (self, emotion, cognition, behavior)? If it only explains an individual process with no social anchor, it drifts toward psychology; if only macro patterns with no individual mechanism, toward macro sociology. Tighten until the link is the contribution (or reframe via spq-topic-selection).

Mechanism ladder

Write the core argument as a ladder, not a topic list:

Use the ladder to decide what belongs in the theory section. A paragraph that cannot be placed on the ladder is probably background, not argument. A ladder with no boundary step will read as overgeneralized.

Anti-patterns

• A finding with no named mechanism ("X correlates with Y")
• "Hypothesizing after results are known" (HARKing) — state theory before tests; preregister where it fits
• An individual-cognition mechanism with no social structure or interaction in it
• A macro claim with no individual-level social-psychological process
• Universal claims with no scope conditions
• Theory sections that list literatures but never state the mechanism sequence

Output format

【Core claim】one sentence
【Tradition】symbolic interaction / SSP / group processes / identity / affect
【Mechanism】how structure/interaction connects to the individual
【Mechanism ladder】condition → meaning → individual process → behavior → boundary
【Observable implications】testable consequences → research-design
【Scope conditions】settings / populations where it holds
【Structure–individual link explicit?】[Y/N]
【Next】spq-research-design

Supplementary resources

• ../../resources/external_tools.md — formal-modeling and measurement tooling (affect control, SEM)
• ../../resources/official-source-map.md — SPQ scope and contribution expectations