Identification Strategy (jcf-identification-strategy)

When to trigger

• Picking a credible design for a corporate-finance question with endogenous choices
• Pre-empting the referee's "your X is endogenous / reverse-causal" objection
• Defending parallel trends, exclusion restrictions, or window cleanliness

Why JCF needs a real design

Corporate-finance variables (leverage, governance, payout, M&A) are choices, so OLS-with-controls invites endogeneity, omitted-variable, and reverse-causality critiques. JCF is empirical corporate finance: a clean identification strategy is what separates a publishable paper from a desk reject. Match the design to the source of variation.

Design menu (corporate finance)

• Staggered DID around law/regulation/governance shocks — use modern estimators (Callaway–Sant'Anna, Sun–Abraham, de Chaisemartin–D'Haultfœuille), run Goodman-Bacon diagnostics, show event-study leads for pre-trends. Plain TWFE on staggered timing is a known pitfall.
• IV / dynamic-panel GMM — justify the exclusion restriction in words, report first-stage F and weak-IV-robust CIs; for leverage dynamics, xtabond2-style GMM with instrument-count discipline.
• RDD — voting/index/threshold cutoffs; show a density/manipulation test and bandwidth robustness.
• Event study (returns) — a clean, narrow window, a confounding-news screen, and CAR/BHAR robustness.
• Matching / entropy balancing — report covariate balance and common support; treat as conditioning, not identification, unless paired with a shock.

Hardening checklist

• The source of exogenous variation is named and defended in one paragraph
• The key threat (selection, reverse causality, confounding shock) is addressed head-on
• Pre-trends / first stage / density / balance shown as appropriate
• At least one alternative design or placebo corroborates the main estimate
• Standard errors clustered at the right level (firm and/or time)

Shock-quality grading for corporate-finance settings

Not every "exogenous" source of variation survives a JCF referee. Grade the shock before building on it:

Variation source                       | Credibility at JCF | Known objection to pre-empt
Staggered state law adoption           | High if modern DID | Lobbying/timing endogeneity; heterogeneity bias
Federal regulation with size threshold | High               | Bunching at the cutoff; anticipation effects
Index inclusion/exclusion (RDD)        | High near cutoff   | Local estimate only; index rules changed over time
Shareholder vote near 50% (RDD)        | High               | Close votes not random across firm types — test it
Import tariff / trade shocks           | Moderate           | Industry-level treatment; exposure-measure disputes
Natural disasters / plant-level shocks | Moderate           | Location selection; general-equilibrium spillovers
CEO deaths / health shocks             | Moderate           | Small N; succession-planning selection
Instrument built from lagged choices   | Low                | Exclusion fails by construction — expect rejection

Worked stress test: a staggered-adoption claim

Hypothetical, numbers illustrative: a paper claims staggered anti-takeover statutes raise leverage. TWFE gives 0.024 (t = 3.1). The JCF hardening sequence: (1) a Goodman-Bacon decomposition shows 31% of identifying weight comes from late-versus-early treated comparisons — a red flag; (2) Callaway–Sant'Anna on clean controls gives 0.015 (t = 2.2) — smaller but alive; (3) event-study leads are flat for five pre-years (joint p = 0.41); (4) one state adopting after a lobbying scandal is dropped — the estimate moves to 0.014. The paper then reports the modern estimator as the headline, TWFE as a legacy comparison, and the decomposition in the appendix. That ordering — not the TWFE number — is what survives review here.

Selection-into-treatment: the paragraph referees look for

Every JCF design with treated firms needs one explicit paragraph: who became treated, why, and what that implies. Cover (a) the institutional reason treatment landed where it did, (b) a pre-treatment covariate comparison or trends table, (c) the direction of bias if a selection story survives, and (d) why the estimate is then a lower or upper bound. Omitting this paragraph is among the most common reasons an otherwise clean JCF design draws a second-round identification objection.

Execution bridge (StatsPAI / Stata MCP)

Estimate and audit the design, don't only describe it. Full map: execution-with-mcp. JCF is corporate finance — endogeneity of corporate policies is the central threat; foreground IV/DiD identification.

• detect_design → recommend → fit with as_handle=true → audit_result.
• Observational causal claims: staggered DiD (callaway_santanna / sun_abraham + bacon_decomposition + honest_did_from_result); IV (effective_f_test + anderson_rubin_ci); RDD (rdrobust + mccrary_test).
• Experiments: randomization-based inference + romano_wolf for many-outcome control.
• Sensitivity: oster_delta / sensemakr for observational claims.

Report the magnitude in interpretable units; route the full battery to the appendix. A run end-to-end (synthetic data, real returns) is in the JF execution walkthrough.

Anti-patterns

• "We control for everything" as a substitute for a design.
• TWFE event-study with no modern-estimator robustness on staggered adoption.
• An IV whose exclusion restriction is asserted, never argued.

Output

【Design】<DID/IV/RDD/event/matching>  【Variation】<source>
【Top threat】<x> → handled by <y>
【Diagnostics】pre-trend/first-stage/density/balance: [Y/N each]